Time limits apply in North Carolina. Find out if you still qualify.
People's Justice Research TeamUpdated July 13, 2026Fact-checked
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Statute of limitations — North Carolina
North Carolina SAFE Child Act: SOL for childhood sexual abuse extends to age 28 (10 years after majority). Discovery rule tolling available. Physical abuse: 3-year SOL. Section 1983: 3-year SOL.
Age 28 for sexual abuse claims
Filing venue
Where to File in North Carolina
Survivors of abuse in North Carolina's juvenile-detention facilities are believed, and recent reform has reopened the courthouse doors. State-law claims are filed in the Superior Court of the county where the facility is located, which hears civil actions above $25,000, while federal civil-rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — for deliberate indifference to a known risk of abuse or unconstitutional conditions — are brought in the U.S. District Court for the Middle, Eastern or Western District of North Carolina. The SAFE Child Act (S.L. 2019-245) extended the civil statute of limitations for childhood sexual abuse, allowing survivors to file until age 28, and created a revival window that permitted previously time-barred claims to proceed. Survivors may ask to proceed under a pseudonym to protect their privacy. Because North Carolina applies a strict pure contributory-negligence rule to ordinary negligence, survivors' claims are often framed around intentional misconduct and deliberate indifference, to which that defense does not apply. Survivors can reach the RAINN National Sexual Assault Hotline at 1-800-656-HOPE (4673) for confidential support.
North Carolina data
Exposure in North Carolina
North Carolina SAFE Child Act extended SOL for childhood sexual abuse to 10 years past majority
Age 28
Source: NC SAFE Child Act (2019)
Stonewall Jackson Youth Development Center faced multiple abuse lawsuits — closed and relocated operations
Stonewall Jackson
Source: NC DJJDP
Medical resources
Clinics & Specialists in North Carolina
North Carolina Child Advocacy Institute
FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions
39 QUESTIONS
Yes, in most cases. While government entities have some sovereign immunity protections, most states have waived immunity for child abuse claims or created exceptions that allow lawsuits to proceed. Federal civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 are available against government actors who violated your constitutional rights. Additionally, many juvenile facilities are operated by private companies like GEO Group or CoreCivic, which do not enjoy sovereign immunity. The county, the state agency responsible for licensing and oversight, the private operator, and the individual perpetrators can all be named as defendants.
Yes, and the facility or operating company is often the primary target of the lawsuit because they have the financial resources to pay substantial damages. Institutional liability is based on the facility’s failure to prevent the abuse — negligent hiring (failing to conduct proper background checks), negligent supervision (inadequate monitoring and staffing), negligent retention (keeping a staff member after receiving complaints), and violation of PREA standards. Private operators like GEO Group and CoreCivic are fully liable without sovereign immunity. Government-operated facilities can be sued under Section 1983 for deliberate indifference to known risks of sexual abuse. The $14.5 million GEO Group verdict demonstrates that juries hold institutions accountable for their employees’ predatory conduct.
Yes — and in many ways, claims against private facility operators are stronger than claims against government agencies. Private companies like GEO Group and CoreCivic do not enjoy sovereign immunity, which means there are no government damage caps limiting your recovery. Private operators have a legal duty to protect the youth in their custody, and their profit motive — which often leads to understaffing, inadequate training, and insufficient safety measures — provides strong evidence of negligence. The $14.5 million jury verdict in Doe v. GEO Group (Florida) demonstrates that juries hold private operators accountable for failing to protect detained youth.
Physical abuse (beatings, excessive force, restraint injuries), sexual abuse or assault by staff or other detainees, prolonged solitary confinement or isolation, denial of necessary medical or mental health care, psychological abuse and humiliation, and failure to protect from known dangers all may give rise to legal claims. The strongest cases involve documented patterns of abuse — DOJ investigations, state audit findings, or multiple complaints about the same facility or staff member. You do not need to have reported the abuse at the time it occurred.
In many states, yes. Multiple states have passed "lookback window" laws specifically allowing survivors to file claims for childhood sexual abuse regardless of when it occurred. California’s AB 218 eliminated the statute of limitations entirely — survivors can file at any age. New York’s Child Victims Act extended the SOL to age 55. Illinois’s HB 222 eliminated the SOL for post-2014 abuse. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and other states have enacted similar provisions. Even in states without lookback windows, the discovery rule may extend your deadline. An attorney experienced in your state’s current law can advise you on whether your claim is timely.
A lookback window is a special law that temporarily or permanently allows survivors to file claims for abuse that occurred in the past, even if the original statute of limitations has expired. California’s AB 218 permanently eliminated all time limits for childhood sexual abuse claims. New York’s Child Victims Act extended the SOL to age 55 and created a one-year lookback window (now closed, but the extended SOL remains). Illinois’s HB 222 eliminated the SOL for post-2014 juvenile facility abuse. New Jersey and Pennsylvania have also enacted lookback provisions. More states are considering similar legislation. An attorney can tell you whether your state has an open lookback window.
The answer depends on your state, and the rules change often. In California, AB 218 eliminated the statute of limitations for childhood sexual assault, so survivors can file at any age. In New York City, the Council amended the Gender-Motivated Violence Act (Intro 1297-A) to open an 18-month lookback window running from January 29, 2026 through July 29, 2027 - a window that expressly reaches survivors abused in city-run juvenile detention. In Illinois, there is no statute of limitations for childhood sexual abuse occurring after 2014, and survivors abused earlier may still qualify under the discovery rule.
Other states - including New Jersey and Pennsylvania - have enacted their own revival or extension laws, and several are considering new ones. Because deadlines differ sharply and some windows are time-limited, the only reliable way to learn whether a window is open for your situation is a free, confidential review. People's Justice Project is not a law firm and does not provide legal advice. (Sources: Cal. AB 218; N.Y.C. Intro 1297-A amending the Gender-Motivated Violence Act; 735 ILCS 5/13-202.2.)
Each state has its own statute of limitations, damage caps, and rules about government liability for childhood sexual abuse. California and New York have created the broadest filing windows — California eliminated the SOL entirely, and New York extended it to age 55. Illinois eliminated the SOL for post-2014 abuse. Pennsylvania extended its SOL to age 30. New Jersey, modeled on New York, extends to age 55. Texas provides a 15-year window. Michigan recently extended to age 42. This variation is why state-specific legal advice from an attorney experienced in juvenile detention abuse law is essential.
Not necessarily. Claims can be brought against the facility, the operating company, and the government agency responsible for oversight, even if the specific individual perpetrator cannot be identified. Institutional liability focuses on systemic failures — inadequate staffing, lack of supervision, failure to conduct background checks, ignoring prior complaints — rather than requiring identification of individual actors. If you know the name of your abuser, that strengthens the case, but it is not a requirement for filing.
Yes — without exception. Under both federal law (PREA) and the laws of every state, any sexual contact between a detention facility staff member and a confined minor is illegal, regardless of whether the youth appeared to consent. Minors in custody cannot legally consent to sexual contact with their custodians. This applies to all facility employees including guards, counselors, medical staff, teachers, administrators, and contractors. It also applies to volunteers and visitors with facility access. Even in states where the age of consent is 16 or 17, the custodial relationship creates an absolute prohibition. Both criminal prosecution and civil liability attach to any sexual contact between staff and detained youth.
You are not alone — the vast majority of youth who are sexually assaulted in detention never report the abuse at the time it occurs. Fear of retaliation, shame, the power dynamics of confinement, and the belief that no one would take a detained youth’s word over a staff member’s are all well-documented reasons for non-reporting. The fact that you did not report does not prevent you from filing a civil lawsuit now. Many states have enacted lookback window laws specifically to address delayed reporting of childhood sexual abuse. Your first step should be consulting a qualified attorney who handles juvenile detention abuse cases — the consultation is confidential and free. You do not need to have a police report or prior disclosure to pursue a civil claim.
Yes. Multiple channels allow anonymous reporting of juvenile detention abuse. The PREA (Prison Rape Elimination Act) hotline accepts anonymous reports of sexual abuse in detention facilities. State oversight agencies and inspectors general in many states accept anonymous complaints about facility conditions. Advocacy organizations like the Juvenile Law Center, the ACLU, and RAINN accept anonymous reports and can investigate without disclosing the reporter’s identity. If you are filing a report to create a record for a future civil lawsuit, be aware that anonymous reports may carry less evidentiary weight than identified complaints, though they still create an official record. You can always begin with an anonymous report and later identify yourself when you are ready, particularly after consulting with an attorney about your legal options.
Reporting abuse to law enforcement generally strengthens rather than harms a civil lawsuit. A police report creates an official record of the allegations at an early date, which can be powerful evidence in subsequent civil proceedings. If criminal charges are filed and the abuser is convicted, that conviction can be used as evidence in the civil case. Even if no criminal charges result, the police report itself is a documented complaint. The only potential complication is that statements made to police become part of the record and may be used by defense attorneys in the civil case, so it is ideal to consult with a civil attorney before or at the same time as making a police report. Criminal and civil proceedings are separate and can proceed simultaneously — you do not have to choose between reporting to police and filing a civil lawsuit.
CRIPA — the Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act — is a federal law that authorizes the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate conditions at government-operated institutions, including juvenile detention facilities. When the DOJ receives complaints or evidence of systemic abuse, its Special Litigation Section can launch a formal investigation with the power to interview staff and detainees, review records, and inspect the facility. If the investigation finds constitutional violations, the DOJ negotiates consent decrees that require specific reforms. CRIPA investigations have been among the most powerful tools for exposing juvenile detention abuse — the Mississippi investigation and subsequent consent decree led to facility closures and millions in compensation. You can file a CRIPA complaint by contacting the DOJ Civil Rights Division directly.
Incomplete memories are normal and expected among survivors of childhood trauma. The psychological effects of abuse — including dissociation, repression, and avoidance — often result in fragmented or incomplete memories. Courts and attorneys understand this. You do not need to remember every detail to file a claim. What matters is that you can identify the facility, the approximate time period, and the general nature of the abuse. An experienced attorney will help you gather supporting evidence, including facility records, DOJ investigation findings, other complaints about the same facility, and expert testimony about the effects of childhood trauma on memory.
Facility closure does NOT affect your right to sue. Claims are filed against the entities that operated the facility, not the physical building. Government agencies, private prison operators like GEO Group and CoreCivic, and their insurance carriers remain liable even after a facility shuts down. Many successful lawsuits have been brought against facilities that closed years or even decades ago. The key legal question is identifying the responsible parties during the period when the abuse occurred — the state or county agency that ran the facility, the private operator under contract, and any individuals involved. Insurance policies that were active during the period of abuse often cover claims filed long after the facility ceases operations. An experienced attorney can trace the chain of liability regardless of whether the facility still exists.
Sovereign immunity is a legal doctrine that historically protected government agencies from being sued without their consent. However, its application to juvenile detention abuse has been significantly limited by both federal and state law. Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act allows lawsuits against state and local officials who violate constitutional rights — including the Eighth Amendment prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment and the Fourteenth Amendment due process protections. Most states have also enacted tort claims acts that waive sovereign immunity for negligence and intentional torts committed by government employees. Importantly, private prison operators like GEO Group and CoreCivic have NO sovereign immunity whatsoever, even when operating under government contracts. Municipal liability under Monell v. Department of Social Services allows suits against local governments for policies or customs that cause constitutional violations. The combination of Section 1983 and state waivers means that government-run juvenile facilities can be sued in most circumstances.
In most states, yes. Government tort claim statutes typically require that you file a written notice of claim with the government entity before filing a lawsuit. The deadline for filing this notice varies by state — from as short as 30 days in some jurisdictions to 2 years in others, with 6 months to 1 year being most common. The notice must generally describe the nature of the claim, the date and location of the incident, and the amount of damages sought. Failure to file a timely notice can bar your claim entirely. However, federal Section 1983 claims do not require a government tort claim notice, and some states exempt childhood sexual abuse claims from notice requirements. An attorney experienced in government liability will ensure all procedural requirements are met.
A Monell claim, based on the Supreme Court’s 1978 decision in Monell v. Department of Social Services, allows lawsuits against local governments — counties, cities, and municipalities — when a constitutional violation resulted from an official policy, widespread custom, or the decision of a final policymaker. In juvenile detention cases, Monell claims target the county or city that operates the facility by arguing that systemic failures (inadequate staffing policies, failure to train staff on abuse prevention, tolerance of excessive force, ignoring complaints) constitute an official policy or custom that caused the abuse. This is distinct from suing individual staff members and creates institutional liability that can result in significantly larger recoveries.
Qualified immunity is a legal defense that can protect individual government employees from personal liability under Section 1983, but only if the constitutional right they violated was not "clearly established" at the time. For juvenile detention abuse, qualified immunity is rarely successful because the right of confined youth to be free from physical abuse, sexual assault, and deliberate indifference to their safety has been clearly established for decades. Courts have repeatedly held that no reasonable officer could believe that beating, sexually assaulting, or deliberately endangering a confined minor was constitutionally permissible. Qualified immunity does not apply to claims against the government entity itself, only to individual defendants in their personal capacity.
Juvenile detention lawsuits benefit from heightened legal protections because the plaintiffs were minors at the time of the abuse. Courts apply a higher standard of care for children in government custody, recognizing that the state has a special obligation when it takes custody of a child. Extended statutes of limitations and lookback window laws — like California AB 218, New York’s Child Victims Act, and Illinois HB 222 — specifically address the unique challenges minors face in recognizing and reporting abuse. The Eighth Amendment protections against cruel and unusual punishment are interpreted more strictly for juveniles, and the psychological impact of abuse on developing children supports higher damage awards. Developmental science shows that trauma during adolescence causes more severe and lasting psychological harm than equivalent trauma in adults, which expert witnesses can present to strengthen claims. Additionally, many states have enacted specific legislation targeting juvenile facility abuse, creating legal frameworks that do not exist for adult prisoner claims.
Yes. Waivers and releases signed during juvenile detention intake are almost always unenforceable for claims of abuse, assault, or constitutional violations. Courts consistently hold that constitutional rights cannot be waived through intake paperwork — Section 1983 claims for civil rights violations are not subject to contractual waivers. Additionally, waivers signed under duress or as a condition of receiving government services are considered void as a matter of law. Public policy in every state prohibits waiving claims of child abuse, meaning that no contract can legally bar a parent or guardian from pursuing claims on behalf of an abused child. These waivers were designed to intimidate families into believing they had no recourse, not to create enforceable legal barriers. Courts have repeatedly rejected attempts by facility operators to use intake paperwork as a shield against abuse claims.
Excessive force in a juvenile detention facility is any use of physical force that exceeds what is reasonably necessary to maintain safety and order. This includes punching, kicking, or striking a youth who is already restrained or compliant; using chemical agents like pepper spray on confined youth; applying painful restraint techniques for extended periods; and using mechanical restraints as punishment rather than for safety. Courts evaluate whether the force used was proportional to the threat posed. Because these are children in government custody, the standard of reasonableness is significantly more restrictive than what might be tolerated in adult facilities. Any force used as punishment, retaliation, or intimidation — rather than in response to an immediate safety threat — is constitutionally excessive.
Yes. Many survivors of physical abuse in juvenile detention did not receive medical treatment because the facility controlled access to medical care and had an incentive to minimize documented injuries. Courts recognize that the absence of contemporaneous medical records does not mean abuse did not occur — it often means the facility failed in its duty to provide care. Current medical examinations can document old injuries such as healed fractures, scarring, and chronic pain. A mental health evaluation documenting PTSD, anxiety, and other trauma-related conditions provides additional evidence of abuse. Testimony from other former detainees who witnessed the abuse or experienced similar treatment at the same facility strengthens the claim further.
The most compelling evidence in physical abuse cases includes facility incident reports (which may document the use of force even if they minimize it), medical records from inside and outside the facility, surveillance camera footage, staffing records showing inadequate supervision, and prior complaints or lawsuits involving the same facility or staff members. DOJ CRIPA investigation reports and state audit findings documenting patterns of excessive force are powerful evidence of institutional failure. Testimony from former staff members who witnessed abuse is particularly valuable. An experienced attorney will subpoena facility records, personnel files of accused staff members, and any internal investigations to build the strongest possible case.
Medical neglect in juvenile detention includes any failure to provide reasonable medical or mental health care to a confined youth. Specific examples include withholding or abruptly discontinuing prescribed medications, failing to respond to requests for medical attention in a timely manner, lacking qualified medical staff to address foreseeable health needs, denying mental health services to youth in crisis, delaying emergency medical treatment, failing to manage chronic conditions like asthma or diabetes, and neglecting dental care. The legal standard is "deliberate indifference to serious medical needs" — meaning facility officials knew or should have known that a youth needed medical care and failed to provide it. Even a single instance of delayed emergency care can constitute a constitutional violation.
No. Withholding prescribed psychiatric medication from a detained youth is a constitutional violation under both the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. Youth who enter detention on prescribed medications have a constitutional right to continue receiving those medications, and facilities have an obligation to obtain medication histories and ensure continuity of care. Abrupt discontinuation of psychiatric medications can cause dangerous withdrawal symptoms, including seizures, psychotic episodes, and suicidal crises. Courts have consistently found that policies or practices that result in medication disruption constitute deliberate indifference. If medication was withheld as a form of punishment or behavior control, the violation is even more egregious and may support punitive damages.
Key evidence for a medical neglect claim includes your medical records from before, during, and after detention (showing what conditions you had and what treatment you were or were not receiving), facility medical records and sick call logs, grievances or requests for medical care that you filed while detained, facility policies on medical care and mental health services, staffing records showing whether qualified medical personnel were available, and any incident reports related to medical emergencies. An attorney will subpoena these records from the facility. Expert testimony from a physician familiar with correctional healthcare standards will establish what care should have been provided and how the facility’s failure constituted deliberate indifference. If the facility has been cited by state licensing agencies or investigated by the DOJ for medical care deficiencies, those findings are powerful corroborating evidence.
Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) is a distinct condition that develops from prolonged, repeated trauma in situations where escape was impossible — exactly what juvenile detention represents. While standard PTSD includes flashbacks, nightmares, hypervigilance, and avoidance, C-PTSD adds three additional symptom clusters: severe emotional dysregulation (inability to control emotional responses), profoundly negative self-concept (persistent shame, guilt, and feelings of worthlessness), and disturbances in relationships (difficulty trusting others, social isolation, or unhealthy attachment patterns). C-PTSD was formally recognized in the ICD-11 diagnostic manual and is increasingly used in legal contexts to demonstrate the severity and complexity of harm from institutional abuse.
Yes. PTSD and C-PTSD are well-recognized compensable injuries in juvenile detention abuse lawsuits. Damages for PTSD include the cost of past and future mental health treatment (therapy, medication, hospitalization), lost wages and diminished earning capacity if PTSD has impaired your ability to work, and non-economic damages for pain and suffering, emotional distress, and diminished quality of life. A C-PTSD diagnosis typically supports higher damages than standard PTSD because the condition is more severe, more treatment-resistant, and more disabling. Expert testimony from a trauma-specialized psychologist or psychiatrist is used to establish the diagnosis, connect it to the detention abuse, and quantify the lifetime cost of treatment.
Delayed diagnosis is extremely common among survivors of institutional childhood abuse and does not weaken your legal claim. Many survivors live with undiagnosed C-PTSD for decades, often self-medicating with alcohol or drugs rather than seeking professional help. The delay in diagnosis is itself a recognized consequence of the trauma — avoidance of anything associated with the abuse, including mental health treatment, is a core PTSD symptom. Legally, the discovery rule in most states means the statute of limitations does not begin running until you knew or should have known that your psychological condition was connected to the detention abuse. A recent diagnosis can actually strengthen a claim by documenting the duration and severity of untreated suffering.
Wrongful death claims for a child who died in juvenile detention can be filed by the child’s parents, legal guardians, or in some states, other close family members. Most states designate the personal representative of the child’s estate as the proper plaintiff, with recovery distributed to surviving family members according to the state’s wrongful death statute. In many states, both parents have standing to bring a claim, even if they were not the custodial parent. If both parents are deceased or unavailable, grandparents, adult siblings, or other relatives may have standing depending on state law. An attorney experienced in wrongful death litigation can determine who has standing in your state and ensure all eligible family members are included.
Damages in juvenile detention wrongful death cases include both economic and non-economic components. Economic damages include funeral and burial expenses, the value of the child’s lost future earnings over their projected lifetime, and medical expenses incurred before death. Non-economic damages include the parents’ loss of the child’s companionship, society, comfort, and guidance — often the largest component of the award. Many states also allow recovery for the child’s conscious pain and suffering before death through a separate survival action. In cases involving particularly egregious conduct — such as deliberate indifference to suicide risk, cover-ups, or restraint deaths — punitive damages may be available. Wrongful death settlements and verdicts in juvenile detention cases have ranged from hundreds of thousands to tens of millions of dollars.
The statute of limitations for wrongful death claims varies by state, typically ranging from one to three years from the date of death. Some states toll the statute of limitations if the defendant concealed information about the cause of death. Federal Section 1983 claims for constitutional violations may have different deadlines, often borrowing the state’s personal injury statute of limitations. Government notice requirements may impose shorter deadlines — some states require a tort claim notice within 6 months to 1 year of the death. Because of these compressed timelines, families who have lost a child in juvenile detention should consult an attorney as soon as possible. The attorney can determine all applicable deadlines and ensure that no claims are lost due to missed filing dates.
Settlement amounts vary widely based on the type and severity of abuse. Physical abuse cases (staff assaults, excessive force, restraint injuries) typically settle between $50,000 and $500,000, averaging about $150,000. Sexual abuse cases settle between $250,000 and $2,500,000, averaging about $750,000. Cases involving systemic abuse with lasting Complex PTSD, substance abuse, and severe life impact settle between $1 million and $5 million. Class action settlements for facility-wide abuse have ranged from $14.5 million to $206 million. The specific value depends on the strength of the evidence, the severity and duration of abuse, the defendant’s financial capacity, and the applicable state law including any government damage caps.
As of 2025, the largest juvenile-detention-related recovery is Los Angeles County's settlement of sexual-abuse claims arising in its juvenile halls and youth facilities. In April 2025 the County approved a settlement of roughly $4 billion resolving more than 11,000 claims - some dating back decades - which has been widely reported as the largest sexual-abuse settlement in U.S. history; in October 2025 the County agreed to contribute several hundred million dollars more.
Individual payments were reported to range widely, and no specific amount is ever guaranteed - every survivor's claim is evaluated on its own facts. Earlier landmark matters include Pennsylvania's Kids for Cash recovery of more than $206 million for over 2,000 children, and multimillion-dollar class settlements in Texas, Illinois (Cook County JTDC), New York City, and Wisconsin (Lincoln Hills / Copper Lake). (Sources: County of Los Angeles; Associated Press; ABC7 Los Angeles.)
The timeline for a juvenile detention abuse case varies significantly. Some cases settle within 6 to 12 months through pre-litigation negotiation, particularly when the evidence of abuse is strong and the defendant wants to avoid publicity. Cases that proceed to litigation typically take 18 months to 3 years from filing to settlement or trial. Class actions and cases involving government defendants can take longer due to the complexity of multi-party litigation and government approval processes. Cases filed under lookback window laws for decades-old abuse may take longer because of the challenges of obtaining historical records. Throughout the process, your attorney will handle all litigation tasks — discovery, depositions, expert retention, and negotiation. Most juvenile detention abuse cases settle before trial.
The tax treatment of settlement proceeds depends on the type of damages. Under federal tax law (Internal Revenue Code Section 104), compensatory damages received for physical injuries or physical sickness are generally not taxable — this includes both the physical injury itself and emotional distress that arises from the physical injury. Punitive damages, however, are always taxable as ordinary income. Emotional distress damages that are not connected to a physical injury may be partially taxable, though this area of law is complex. Structured settlements offer significant tax advantages because the interest earned on the settlement annuity is typically tax-free. Attorney fees paid from the settlement are handled differently depending on the state. You should consult a tax advisor before accepting any settlement to understand the full tax implications.
Survivors typically pay nothing upfront. Attorneys who handle juvenile detention abuse cases generally work on a contingency-fee basis, meaning they advance the costs of investigating and litigating the case and are paid only a percentage of any recovery - and only if the case succeeds. If there is no recovery, you generally owe no attorney's fee. Fee percentages and cost arrangements vary by firm and are set out in a written agreement you review before anything is filed.
A first consultation to understand your options is free and confidential. People's Justice Project is not a law firm and does not provide legal advice; it can help connect you with resources. Support is available any time through RAINN's National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-4673.
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