Public entities · checked against official sources as of October 7, 2026
Government claim deadlines by state
If a city, county, state agency, transit agency or public airport caused the injury, many states require a written notice of claim first, often within months, before a lawsuit.
A lawyer can check which deadline applies to you. This tool does not decide whether a claim is late.
Notice deadlines by state
We list a rule only after checking it against the statute or an official source. If a state shows no rule, we have not verified one yet.
Alabama
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CitiesMunicipalities only. | 6 months | from accrual of the tort claim | Municipal clerk | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Ala. Code § 11-47-23 | Official Alabama Legislature code page located; personal injury municipal claims may also require a sworn statement under Ala. Code § 11-47-192. |
| CountiesCounties only. | 12 months | after the claim accrues or becomes payable | County commission | Not stated in the source | Action may not start until the county commission disallows or reduces the claim; 90 days without action is a disallowance. | Ala. Code §§ 11-12-8, 6-5-20 | Official Alabama Legislature code page located for the 12-month deadline. Minors and persons deemed lunatic get 12 months after disability removal under § 11-12-8. |
Alaska
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
Arizona
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState public entities and public employees. | 180 days | after the cause of action accrues | Person or persons authorized to accept service for the public entity or employee under the Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure | Not stated in the source | Claim is deemed denied 60 days after filing unless denied in writing earlier; actions against public entities/public employees must be brought within 1 year after accrual. | Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 12-821.01, 12-821 | Minor or incompetent claimant may file within 180 days after disability ceases; claim must state a specific settlement amount and supporting facts. |
| Local public entitiesCities, counties, political subdivisions, public schools, and public employees. | 180 days | after the cause of action accrues | Person or persons authorized to accept service for the public entity, public school, or public employee under the Arizona Rules of Civil Procedure | Not stated in the source | Claim is deemed denied 60 days after filing unless denied in writing earlier; actions against public entities/public employees must be brought within 1 year after accrual. | Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 12-821.01, 12-821 | Same rule covers public schools. Minor or incompetent claimant may file within 180 days after disability ceases. |
Arkansas
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Arkansas, its agencies, and institutions; Arkansas Claims Commission route. | Within the period allowed for the same type of claim against a private person | within the private-action limitations period for that claim type | Director of the Arkansas State Claims Commission | Claims Commission complaint form | Not stated in the source | Ark. Code § 19-10-209; Arkansas Claims Commission Rule 1.5 | The deadline is claim-type dependent, not a single tort-notice number; Claims Commission rules require the original claim form by the statutory time limit. |
California
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of California agencies and employees. | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | from the injury/incident or accrual date | Department of General Services, Office of Risk and Insurance Management, Government Claims Program | DGS ORIM 006 Government Claim Form | 6 months from the date the rejection was mailed; if no response, generally up to 2 years from injury date. | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 945.6 | Late-claim application may be possible; public-entity and claim-type exceptions exist. |
| Local public entitiesCities, counties, and other California public entities. | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | from the injury/incident or accrual date | The public entity being asked to pay; use that city, county, transit agency, airport authority, or district's claim process | Not stated in the source | 6 months from the date the rejection was mailed; if no response, generally up to 2 years from injury date. | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 | Find the specific claim form for the local public entity; late-claim rules may apply. |
Colorado
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState public entities and employees. | 182 days | after the date of discovery of the injury | Colorado Attorney General | Not stated in the source | No action until the public entity denies the claim or 90 days pass after notice, whichever occurs first. | Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-109 | 2025/2026 title PDF was not available at the official URL; 2024 official CRS PDF fetched and verified. |
| Local public entitiesPublic entities other than the state, including cities, counties, districts, authorities, and their employees. | 182 days | after the date of discovery of the injury | Governing body of the public entity, the attorney representing the public entity, or the entity's listed agent | Not stated in the source | No action until the public entity denies the claim or 90 days pass after notice, whichever occurs first. | Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-10-109 | 2025/2026 title PDF was not available at the official URL; 2024 official CRS PDF fetched and verified. |
Connecticut
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against the State of Connecticut generally, through the Office of the Claims Commissioner. | 1 year | after the claim accrues; injury/property damage accrues when sustained or discovered, with a 3-year outside limit | Office of the Claims Commissioner | Notice of claim / claim form | Not stated in the source | Conn. Gen. Stat. §§ 4-147, 4-148 | Claims Commissioner procedure has excluded-claim categories and special legislative late-claim authorization. |
| Local public entitiesMunicipal indemnity actions against municipalities and employees under Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-465. | 6 months | after the cause of action accrued | Clerk of the municipality | Not stated in the source | Action must be commenced within 2 years after the cause of action arose. | Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-465 | Direct municipal liability under § 52-557n can differ; highway/road defects have a separate 90-day notice rule. |
| Special ruleDefective municipal roads and bridges; towns, cities, boroughs, or corporations bound to repair. | 90 days | after the injury | Town selectman or clerk; city or borough clerk; corporation secretary or treasurer | Not stated in the source | Action must be brought within 2 years from the date of injury. | Conn. Gen. Stat. § 13a-149 | Road-defect statute is a special rule; adequacy of notice has case-law gloss. |
| Special ruleDefective state highways/sidewalks maintained by the Commissioner of Transportation. | 90 days | after the injury | Connecticut Commissioner of Transportation | Not stated in the source | Action must be brought within 2 years from the date of injury. | Conn. Gen. Stat. § 13a-144 | Applies to defective highway, bridge, or sidewalk claims under § 13a-144. |
Delaware
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
District of Columbia
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local public entitiesDistrict of Columbia government; DC has no separate state/local split for this purpose. | 6 months | from the date of the incident or injury/damage | Office of Risk Management, on behalf of the Mayor of the District of Columbia | Notice of Claim letter | Not stated in the source | D.C. Code § 12-309 | Police reports may satisfy notice only if they contain the required statutory information; notice provisions do not apply to some federal, DCHRA, whistleblower, liquidated-damages, or equitable claims. |
Florida
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Florida and state agencies. | 3 years | after the claim accrues | Appropriate state agency and the Florida Department of Financial Services | Not stated in the source | Suit cannot be filed until the Department of Financial Services or the agency denies the claim in writing, or after the statutory investigation period; wrongful death has a 2-year presentment period. | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) | Wrongful death must be presented within 2 years; contribution claims have separate timing. |
| Local public entitiesMunicipalities, counties, and other subdivisions. | 3 years | after the claim accrues | Appropriate agency or subdivision; DFS notice is not required for claims against a municipality, county, or Florida Space Authority | Not stated in the source | Suit cannot be filed until written denial or the statutory investigation period has passed; wrongful death has a 2-year presentment period. | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) | For municipalities/counties, send notice to the local entity; for other subdivisions, confirm whether DFS notice is also required. |
Georgia
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Georgia entities under the Georgia Tort Claims Act. | 12 months | from the date the loss was discovered or should have been discovered | Risk Management Division of the Department of Administrative Services and the state government entity whose acts or omissions are asserted as the basis of the claim | Not stated in the source | Action must be filed within the applicable period in O.C.G.A. § 50-21-27 after ante litem notice compliance. | O.C.G.A. § 50-21-26 | sourceType=mirror; official Georgia code text was not fetchable. Verify exact service addresses before use. |
| CitiesMunicipal corporations. | 6 months | from the happening of the event on which the claim is based | Mayor or chairperson of the city council or city commission, served personally, by certified mail, or statutory overnight delivery | Not stated in the source | No action until the municipal governing authority acts or 30 days pass after presentment. | O.C.G.A. § 36-33-5 | sourceType=mirror; official Georgia code text was not fetchable. Notice must state a specific amount of monetary damages sought. |
| CountiesCounties and county officials in official-capacity claims. | 12 months | after the claim accrues or becomes payable | County; Georgia cases discuss presentment to county attorney/risk management depending on authority, but confirm the county recipient | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | O.C.G.A. § 36-11-1 | sourceType=mirror; official Georgia code text was not fetchable. Minors and persons under disability get 12 months after disability removal. |
Hawaii
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local public entitiesCounties, including streets, sidewalks, other public places, and county official/employee negligence. | 2 years | after the injuries accrued | Person identified in the county charter; if none, chairperson of the county council or county clerk | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | HRS § 46-72 | The official PDF is a 2017 chapter PDF; verify current county-charter recipient before filing. |
Idaho
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Idaho and state employees. | 180 days | from the date the claim arose or reasonably should have been discovered | Idaho Secretary of State | Notice of Claim / Citizen's Claim form | No claim or action is allowed unless claim is presented and filed within Idaho Tort Claims Act time limits; denied-claim recourse is governed by the Act. | Idaho Code § 6-905 | Official Idaho Legislature statute page replaces broken agency PDF link. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions and their employees, including cities, counties, districts, and local public entities. | 180 days | from the date the claim arose or reasonably should have been discovered | Clerk or secretary of the political subdivision | Not stated in the source | No claim or action is allowed unless claim is presented and filed within Idaho Tort Claims Act time limits; denied-claim recourse is governed by the Act. | Idaho Code § 6-906 | Official Idaho Legislature statute page replaces Idaho Supreme Court PDF quote. Minors have special timing under Idaho Code § 6-906A. |
Illinois
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Illinois and listed state boards/universities for personal injury claims in the Court of Claims. | 1 year notice of intent, unless the claim itself is filed within 1 year | from the date injury was received or cause of action accrued | Office of the Attorney General and Clerk of the Illinois Court of Claims | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | 705 ILCS 505/22-1, 22-2 | Personal injury notice is separate from the Court of Claims filing deadlines in § 22; wrongful death notice has a separate 1-year/qualification rule. |
Indiana
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Indiana and state agencies. | 270 days | after the loss occurs | Indiana Attorney General or the state agency involved | Notice of Tort Claim Form | Claim is denied if not approved within 90 days; suit may not be initiated unless the claim has been denied in whole or part. | Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-6, 34-13-3-11, 34-13-3-13 | sourceType=mirror for statute because official IGA page required JavaScript. Indiana AG page confirms state tort-claim review and form availability. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions and employees. | 180 days | after the loss occurs | Governing body of the political subdivision and the Indiana political subdivision risk management commission | Not stated in the source | Claim is denied if not approved within 90 days; suit may not be initiated unless the claim has been denied in whole or part. | Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-8, 34-13-3-11, 34-13-3-13 | Official opinion quotes the political-subdivision rule; official IGA code page required JavaScript. |
Iowa
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState tort claims under Iowa Code chapter 669. | 2 years | after the claim accrued | Director of the Department of Management | Not stated in the source | Suit time is extended 6 months from mailing of final-disposition notice or withdrawal if otherwise expiring sooner. | Iowa Code § 669.13 | Section 669.13 is the state claim/suit limitation; other Iowa administrative prerequisites may apply by claim type. |
Kansas
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local public entitiesMunicipalities and municipal employees under Kansas Tort Claims Act; includes cities, counties, school districts, and other municipal bodies as defined by K.S.A. 12-105a. | Before commencing action; no fixed notice period, but action waits until denial or 120 days | before commencing a KTCA action against the municipality or employee | Clerk or governing body of the municipality | Not stated in the source | No action until denial or 120 days pass; claimant has at least 90 days from denial/deemed denial to commence action. | K.S.A. 12-105b(d) | Childhood sexual abuse exception stated in subsection (d)(2); substantial compliance governs content. |
Kentucky
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against the Commonwealth, heard by the Kentucky Board of Claims. | 1 year | from the time the claim for relief accrued | Kentucky Board of Claims | Board of Claims online claim filing | Not stated in the source | KRS § 49.120 | Personal injury accrues at discovery, but no personal-injury action beyond 2 years from the negligent act or omission; disabilities do not extend beyond KRS 49.120. |
| CitiesCity bridge, street, sidewalk, alley, or other public thoroughfare defect claims. | 90 days | from the occurrence for which damage is claimed | Mayor, city clerk, or clerk of the board of aldermen | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | KRS § 411.110 | Special city thoroughfare-defect rule; no separate statewide general local tort notice row was verified for all local claims. |
Louisiana
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
Maine
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Maine and state employees. | 365 days | after the claim or cause of action accrues | State department, board, agency, commission, or authority whose act or omission caused the injury, and the Maine Attorney General | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | 14 M.R.S. § 8107 | Good-cause late notice and minor/incapacity provisions are stated in § 8107. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions and their employees. | 365 days | after the claim or cause of action accrues | A person on whom a summons and complaint could be served under Maine Rule of Civil Procedure 4 for that political subdivision | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | 14 M.R.S. § 8107 | Good-cause late notice and minor/incapacity provisions are stated in § 8107. |
Maryland
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Maryland and state personnel under the Maryland Tort Claims Act. | 1 year | from the occurrence / injury, loss, or damage | Maryland State Treasurer's Office | Notice of Claim form | Maryland Treasurer regulations require written claim submission before suit; general MTCA suit timing is governed by Md. Code, State Gov't § 12-106. | Md. Code, State Gov't § 12-106 | Treasurer site provides the official filing route; verify designee rules for specific state entities. |
| Local public entitiesLocal governments and employees under the Local Government Tort Claims Act. | 1 year | after the injury | County commissioners/county council; Baltimore City Solicitor; listed county executive/solicitor/county attorney for named counties; otherwise corporate authorities of the local government | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-304 | Court may allow suit for good cause absent prejudice; actual/constructive notice within 1 year can satisfy subsection (e). |
Massachusetts
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesCommonwealth of Massachusetts, departments, agencies, authorities, and public employers. | 2 years | after the cause of action arose | Attorney General for claims against the Commonwealth; otherwise executive officer of the public employer | Attorney General presentment claim form | Final written denial required; failure to deny within 6 months is deemed final denial. No civil action more than 3 years after accrual. | Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 4 | Sexual abuse of a minor claims have separate rules; presentment is deemed sufficient to the Attorney General for Commonwealth claims. |
| Local public entitiesCities, towns, and other local public employers. | 2 years | after the cause of action arose | Executive officer of the public employer; for cities/towns, mayor, city manager, town manager, corporation counsel, city solicitor, town counsel, city clerk, town clerk, select-board chair, or select-board executive secretary is sufficient | Not stated in the source | Final written denial required; failure to deny within 6 months is deemed final denial. No civil action more than 3 years after accrual. | Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 4 | Housing-authority small claims and sexual abuse of a minor claims have separate rules. |
Michigan
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Michigan; Court of Claims notice for property damage or personal injuries. | 6 months for property damage or personal injuries; 1 year otherwise | after the event giving rise to the claim for property damage or personal injuries | Clerk of the Michigan Court of Claims | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | MCL § 600.6431 | Subsection (1) has a 1-year claim/notice rule except as otherwise provided; subsection (4) shortens property-damage/personal-injury claims to 6 months. |
| Special ruleDefective highway claims against any governmental agency, including state or local road agencies. | 120 days | from the time the injury occurred | The governmental agency responsible for the highway | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | MCL § 691.1404 | Special defective-highway condition-to-recovery rule; content must specify injury, defect, witnesses, and location. |
Minnesota
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of Minnesota, state employees, and University of Minnesota special recipient rule. | 180 days | after the alleged loss or injury is discovered | Minnesota Attorney General; for University of Minnesota claims, the university attorney designated by the Regents; and any state employee from whom compensation will be sought | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Minn. Stat. § 3.736, subd. 5 | Wrongful death notice may be given within 1 year; incapacity time is excluded. |
| Local public entitiesMunicipalities, counties, towns, school districts, public authorities, special districts, joint powers entities, and other political subdivisions within Minn. Stat. ch. 466. | 180 days | after the alleged loss or injury is discovered | Governing body of the municipality | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Minn. Stat. § 466.05 | Wrongful death notice may be given within 1 year; actual notice of sufficient facts can comply. |
Mississippi
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState entities under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. | At least 90 days before suit; notice must be filed within the 1-year action period | before instituting suit, within one year after the tortious, wrongful, or actionable conduct | Chief executive officer of the state entity | Not stated in the source | Notice tolls limitations for 95 days; no action until denial or tolling period expires, whichever comes first, then claimant has an additional 90 days to file suit. | Miss. Code § 11-46-11 | sourceType=mirror; official current code text was not fetchable. Infants and persons of unsound mind have savings provisions. |
| Local public entitiesCounties, municipalities, and other political subdivisions under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act. | At least 90 days before suit; notice must be filed within the 1-year action period | before instituting suit, within one year after the tortious, wrongful, or actionable conduct | County: chancery clerk; municipality: city clerk; other political subdivision: chief executive officer | Not stated in the source | Notice tolls limitations for 95 days; no action until denial or tolling period expires, whichever comes first, then claimant has an additional 90 days to file suit. | Miss. Code § 11-46-11 | sourceType=mirror; official current code text was not fetchable. Infants and persons of unsound mind have savings provisions. |
Missouri
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CitiesCities with population of 100,000 or more; street/sidewalk/bridge/boulevard/thoroughfare defects only. | 90 days | of the occurrence for which damage is claimed | mayor of the city | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Mo. Rev. Stat. § 82.210 | Special large-city road/sidewalk-defect rule; not a general notice rule for every Missouri public entity or every municipal premises claim. |
Montana
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState agencies under Montana governmental liability chapter. | before suit; within the applicable limitations period | under the applicable limitation period for the claim | Montana Department of Administration | Not stated in the source | claim deemed denied if not granted or denied in writing within 120 days | Mont. Code Ann. §§ 2-9-301, 2-9-302 | MCA 2-9-302 ties filing time to the otherwise applicable limitation period rather than a separate fixed notice period. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions under Montana governmental liability chapter. | before suit; within the applicable limitations period | under the applicable limitation period for the claim | clerk or secretary of the political subdivision | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Mont. Code Ann. §§ 2-9-301, 2-9-302 | MCA 2-9-302 ties filing time to the otherwise applicable limitation period rather than a separate fixed notice period. |
Nebraska
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState Tort Claims Act. | 2 years | after the claim accrued | Risk Manager, in the manner prescribed by the State Claims Board | State of Nebraska claim forms | no suit until final disposition; if no disposition within 6 months, claimant may withdraw and sue; 6-month extension after final disposition/withdrawal if limitations would otherwise expire | Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 81-8,212, 81-8,213, 81-8,227 | State suit is conditioned on final disposition or withdrawal after 6 months. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions, including cities, counties, school districts and listed local bodies. | 1 year | after the claim accrued | governing body; filing mechanics in §13-905 use clerk, secretary, records official, or designated law department | Not stated in the source | no suit until governing body disposition; if no disposition within 6 months, claimant may withdraw and sue; 6-month extension if limitations would otherwise expire | Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 13-905, 13-906, 13-919 | File-with details are in §13-905; timing is in §13-919. |
Nevada
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
New Hampshire
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against state agencies under RSA 541-B. | 180 days | after the time of the injury or damage | the agency; Board of Claims handles claims against state agencies | Form | Not stated in the source | N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 541-B:14 | Lack of notice does not bar the claim unless the agency proves substantial prejudice. |
| Local public entitiesGovernmental units under RSA 507-B, including municipal subdivisions. | 60 days | after the injury or damage, or discovery if not reasonably discoverable at occurrence | clerk of the governmental unit by registered mail | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 507-B:7 | Governmental unit must show substantial prejudice where lack of notice, actual knowledge, or opportunity to obtain knowledge is alleged. |
New Jersey
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of New Jersey departments, agencies, officials, and employees. | 90 days | from occurrence, incident, accident, discovery, or accrual date | New Jersey Department of the Treasury, Division of Risk Management digital claim portal | Notice of Tort and Contract Claim | after 6 months from notice receipt; two-year outer limit from accrual | N.J. Stat. Ann. § 59:8-8; NJ Treasury Division of Risk Management | State portal says local/county/municipal claims must be filed directly with those entities. |
| Local public entitiesPublic entities other than the state; local forms vary by entity. | 90 days | after accrual of the cause of action | the public entity being claimed against | Not stated in the source | after 6 months from notice receipt; two-year outer limit from accrual | N.J. Stat. Ann. §§ 59:8-7, 59:8-8 | Mirror source used because official statute text was not fetched; NJ Courts says entities often have their own forms. |
New Mexico
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState Tort Claims Act claims against the state. | 90 days | after an occurrence giving rise to a claim | Risk Management Division | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16 | Mirror source used because no official public statute text was fetched; wrongful death notice is 6 months; actual notice may substitute. |
| CitiesMunicipal Tort Claims Act claims. | 90 days | after an occurrence giving rise to a claim | mayor of the municipality | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16 | Mirror source used because no official public statute text was fetched; wrongful death notice is 6 months; actual notice may substitute. |
| CountiesCounty Tort Claims Act claims. | 90 days | after an occurrence giving rise to a claim | county clerk | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16 | Mirror source used because no official public statute text was fetched; wrongful death notice is 6 months; actual notice may substitute. |
| SchoolsSchool district Tort Claims Act claims. | 90 days | after an occurrence giving rise to a claim | superintendent of the school district | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.M. Stat. Ann. § 41-4-16 | Mirror source used because no official public statute text was fetched; wrongful death notice is 6 months; actual notice may substitute. |
New York
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState of New York claims in the Court of Claims. | 90 days | after accrual of the claim | New York Court of Claims and serve the New York Attorney General; notice of intention may preserve time | Not stated in the source | if notice of intention is served within 90 days, negligence claim must be filed and served within 2 years after accrual | N.Y. Court of Claims Act § 10(3) | Official site was browser-fetched but blocked direct curl; intentional tort and wrongful death timing differs. |
| Local public entitiesPublic corporations covered by General Municipal Law notice-of-claim rules. | 90 days | after the claim arises; wrongful death runs from appointment of estate representative | the public corporation required by law to receive service | Not stated in the source | typically at least 30 days after notice demand/neglect/refusal and within 1 year 90 days for tort claims under GML 50-i | N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law §§ 50-e, 50-i | Child Victims Act/revival exceptions and entity-specific statutes can change the rule. |
| transitPort Authority of New York and New Jersey, including JFK and other PANYNJ facilities. | at least 60 days before suit | before the action is commenced; suit must be within 1 year after accrual | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey | Not stated in the source | action must be commenced within 1 year after accrual | N.Y. Unconsol. Laws § 7107 | Official source was browser-fetched/search-fetched but blocked direct curl; this is a special authority rule, not GML 50-e. |
North Carolina
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState departments, institutions, and agencies under the State Tort Claims Act. | 3 years | after accrual of the claim | North Carolina Industrial Commission | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 143-297, 143-299 | Wrongful death state tort claim deadline is 2 years after death. |
North Dakota
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against the state or state employee. | 180 days | after the alleged injury is discovered or reasonably should have been discovered | director of the Office of Management and Budget | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | N.D. Cent. Code § 32-12.2-04 | Serious-injury notice period is 1 year; incapacity time excluded; some sexual-act claims waive notice time. |
Ohio
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
Oklahoma
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesOklahoma Governmental Tort Claims Act claims against the state. | 1 year | from the date the loss occurs | Office of the Risk Management Administrator, Office of Management and Enterprise Services | OMES Risk Management claim form | 180 days after denial or deemed denial; deemed denied after 90 days if not approved | 51 Okla. Stat. §§ 156, 157 | Incapacity can extend notice time up to 90 days; wrongful death notice may be within 1 year after death. |
| Local public entitiesPolitical subdivisions under the Oklahoma Governmental Tort Claims Act. | 1 year | from the date the loss occurs | office of the clerk of the governing body | Not stated in the source | 180 days after denial or deemed denial; deemed denied after 90 days if not approved | 51 Okla. Stat. §§ 156, 157 | Same one-year deadline as state claims; local procedural policies may add form details. |
Oregon
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesOregon Tort Claims Act public bodies, including the state. | 180 days | after the alleged loss or injury | public body; formal notice to state must be mailed or delivered to DAS, Attorney General, or state agency/person responsible for administering claims | Not stated in the source | action must be commenced within 2 years after the alleged loss or injury | Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.275 | Wrongful death notice is 1 year; incapacity/minority exclusions may apply up to 90 days; actual notice or timely suit can satisfy notice. |
| Local public entitiesOregon Tort Claims Act public bodies, including cities, counties, districts, transit, and schools. | 180 days | after the alleged loss or injury | the public body; formal notice by mail or personal delivery to listed officials or claims administrator | Not stated in the source | action must be commenced within 2 years after the alleged loss or injury | Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.275 | Wrongful death notice is 1 year; actual notice or timely suit can satisfy notice. |
Pennsylvania
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesCommonwealth agencies/government units. | 6 months | from the date injury was sustained or cause of action accrued | office of the government unit and, for Commonwealth agency damages claims, also the Office of Attorney General | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5522(a) | Court may excuse failure on reasonable excuse; vehicle-liability exceptions in §5522(c). |
| Local public entitiesGovernment units other than the Commonwealth. | 6 months | from the date injury was sustained or cause of action accrued | office of the government unit | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5522(a) | For non-Commonwealth units, incapacity up to 90 days is excluded and actual/constructive notice can avoid bar. |
Rhode Island
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local public entitiesCities and towns, general claims or demands. | present claim before suit; city/town has 40 days after presentment to satisfy | before action against the treasurer | town council or city council | Not stated in the source | may sue treasurer if not satisfied within 40 days after presentment | R.I. Gen. Laws § 45-15-5 | Special highway/bridge injury notice has a fixed 60-day deadline under §45-15-9. |
| CitiesHighway, causeway, or bridge injuries involving city/town repair duties. | 60 days | after injury or damage | the town/city obliged to keep the highway, causeway, or bridge in repair | Not stated in the source | within 3 years after injury or damage if not satisfied after presentment period | R.I. Gen. Laws § 45-15-9 | Applies to highway/causeway/bridge repair claims; use local counsel for other public premises. |
South Carolina
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
South Dakota
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesState and state employees under SDCL chapter 3-21. | 180 days | after the injury | South Dakota Attorney General and Commissioner of Human Resources and Administration | Not stated in the source | notice does not toll or extend any applicable limitation period | S.D. Codified Laws §§ 3-21-2, 3-21-3 | Official single-section site is JS-heavy; official API/search text was fetched. |
| Local public entitiesCounties, municipalities, school districts, and other public entities under SDCL chapter 3-21. | 180 days | after the injury | county auditor; mayor or city finance officer; school superintendent; or chief executive/secretary of governing board | Not stated in the source | notice does not toll or extend any applicable limitation period | S.D. Codified Laws §§ 3-21-2, 3-21-3 | Official single-section site is JS-heavy; official API/search text was fetched. |
Tennessee
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against the State of Tennessee handled by Division of Claims and Risk Management. | within applicable statute of limitations for similar occurrences | from the occurrence under the applicable limitations statute | Tennessee Division of Claims and Risk Management online portal | online claim portal | 90 days to file with Claims Commission after denial/settlement notice; automatic transfer if no action in 90 days | Tenn. Code Ann. § 9-8-402 | Mirror used for statute because official code text was not fetched; Tennessee Treasury official page verifies state claim portal. |
Texas
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesTexas Tort Claims Act governmental units, including the state. | 6 months | after the day the incident giving rise to the claim occurred | the governmental unit | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 | Actual notice can excuse formal notice; city charter/ordinance provisions may require shorter notice. |
| Local public entitiesTexas Tort Claims Act governmental units, including local governments. | 6 months | after the day the incident giving rise to the claim occurred | the governmental unit | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 | Actual notice can excuse formal notice; some city charters/ordinances have shorter deadlines. |
Utah
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesGovernmental Immunity Act claims against the state. | 1 year | after the claim arises | Utah Attorney General, unless an authorized agent is listed in the governmental entity statement | Form | generally 1 year after denial or denial period expiration; check current §63G-7-403 | Utah Code §§ 63G-7-401, 63G-7-402, 63G-7-403 | Use Utah Department of Commerce GIA lookup for designated notice addresses/agents. |
| Local public entitiesCities, counties, school districts, special districts, boards and other governmental entities. | 1 year | after the claim arises | office listed in §63G-7-401: city/town clerk, county clerk, school superintendent/business administrator, district board officer, or listed agent | Form | generally 1 year after denial or denial period expiration; check current §63G-7-403 | Utah Code §§ 63G-7-401, 63G-7-402, 63G-7-403 | Use Utah Department of Commerce GIA lookup for designated notice addresses/agents. |
Vermont
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
Virginia
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesCommonwealth and transportation districts. | 1 year | after the cause of action accrued | Director of Division of Risk Management or Attorney General; VDOT claims to Commissioner of Highways | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Va. Code § 8.01-195.6 | Actual knowledge within one year can avoid the bar; disability tolling may apply. |
| Local public entitiesCounties, cities, and towns. | 6 months | after the cause of action accrued | county/city/town attorney, chief executive, or mayor | Not stated in the source | Not stated in the source | Va. Code § 15.2-209 | Actual knowledge within six months can avoid the bar; statute supersedes conflicting older charters unless validly stated. |
Washington
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against Washington state or state officers/employees/volunteers. | before suit; wait 60 days after presentment | within applicable limitations period before commencing action | Office of Risk Management, Department of Enterprise Services | standard tort claim form | no action until 60 calendar days after claim is presented; limitations tolled during 60-day period | Wash. Rev. Code §§ 4.92.100, 4.92.110 | Washington specifies presentment and 60-day waiting period, not a fixed short notice deadline. |
| Local public entitiesLocal governmental entities and their officers/employees/volunteers. | within applicable limitations period before suit; wait 60 days after presentment | within the applicable limitations period | agent appointed by the local governmental entity and recorded with county auditor | Not stated in the source | no action until 60 calendar days after claim is presented; limitations tolled during 60-day period | Wash. Rev. Code § 4.96.020 | Local entity must record its claim agent; defective local form may waive certain defenses. |
West Virginia
We have not verified a notice-of-claim rule for this state. That does not mean none applies. A lawyer can check which deadline applies.
Wisconsin
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesClaims against state officers, employees, or agents. | 120 days | of the event causing injury, damage, or death | Wisconsin Attorney General | Not stated in the source | specific AG denial is generally not a condition precedent except prisoner claims | Wis. Stat. § 893.82 | Strict compliance; service by personal service or certified mail; prisoner claims have added waiting rule. |
| Local public entitiesVolunteer fire companies, political corporations, governmental subdivisions or agencies, and their officers/employees/agents. | 120 days | after the event giving rise to the claim | the governmental body/subdivision/agency and officer/employee under service rules; itemized claim to appropriate clerk/person performing clerk duties | Not stated in the source | itemized claim must be disallowed before suit; disallowance by inaction after 120 days | Wis. Stat. § 893.80 | Actual notice plus no prejudice may save late notice; itemized claim/disallowance is a separate requirement. |
Wyoming
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State agenciesWyoming Governmental Claims Act claims against the state. | 2 years | of the alleged act, error or omission; discovery rule if statutory conditions met | General Services Division, Department of Administration and Information | Not stated in the source | action forever barred unless commenced within 1 year after the claim is filed | Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-39-113, 1-39-114 | Claim must be signed under oath and plead compliance with Wyoming Constitution signature/certification requirements. |
| Local public entitiesCounties, cities/towns, school districts, special districts, airport boards, joint powers boards and other governmental entities. | 2 years | of the alleged act, error or omission; discovery rule if statutory conditions met | business office of the entity: county clerk, city/town clerk, school superintendent, board secretary, etc. | Not stated in the source | action forever barred unless commenced within 1 year after the claim is filed | Wyo. Stat. Ann. §§ 1-39-113, 1-39-114 | Local claim need not be acted on before suit; claim must be signed under oath. |
Federal claims: FTCA and SF-95
Use the federal rule for claims against a federal agency, including TSA checkpoint injuries, national parks, federal buildings, and VA facilities. The agency can matter.
| Who | Notice deadline | Clock starts | File with | Form | Suit deadline after denial | Citation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal agenciesFederal Tort Claims Act: federal agencies, including TSA checkpoint claims and federal property claims. | 2 years | after the claim accrues | appropriate Federal agency whose employee conduct gave rise to the injury | Standard Form 95 (Claim for Damage, Injury, or Death) or other written notice with a sum certain | 6 months after mailing of final denial; agency silence for 6 months may be treated as final denial at claimant's option | 28 U.S.C. 2401(b); 28 U.S.C. 2675(a); 28 C.F.R. 14.2 | SF-95 is convenient but DOJ says it is not required if written notice includes the required information and a sum certain. |
Airport ownership and claim rules
The 50 busiest US airports by 2024 boardings (FAA data), with who owns each one and which notice rule applies. Airports we could not verify are left out.
| Rank | Airport | Owner | Owner type | Rule applies | Notice deadline | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hartsfield/Jackson Atlanta International (ATL)Atlanta, GA - 52,511,402 CY2024 enplanements | City of Atlanta Department of Aviation | city department | GA city rule | 6 months | O.C.G.A. § 36-33-5 |
| 2 | Dallas-Fort Worth International (DFW)Fort Worth, TX - 42,351,316 CY2024 enplanements | Cities of Dallas and Fort Worth; governed by DFW Airport Board | airport board / joint city airport | airport board / joint city airport rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code 101.101 |
| 3 | Denver International (DEN)Denver, CO - 40,012,895 CY2024 enplanements | City and County of Denver Department of Aviation | city/county department | city/county department rule | 182 days | Colo. Rev. Stat. 24-10-109 |
| 5 | Los Angeles International (LAX)Los Angeles, CA - 37,760,834 CY2024 enplanements | Los Angeles World Airports, City of Los Angeles | city department | city department rule | 6 months | Cal. Gov. Code 911.2; Cal. Gov. Code 945.6 |
| 6 | John F Kennedy International (JFK)New York, NY - 31,466,102 CY2024 enplanements | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey airport system; airport operated under municipal lease/arrangement | bi-state authority | bi-state authority rule | notice of claim at least 60 days before suit; suit within 1 year after accrual | N.Y. Unconsol. Laws § 7107 / PANYNJ consent statute |
| 9 | Orlando International (MCO)Orlando, FL - 27,859,783 CY2024 enplanements | Greater Orlando Aviation Authority | airport authority | airport authority rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 10 | Miami International (MIA)Miami, FL - 26,588,002 CY2024 enplanements | Miami-Dade County / Miami-Dade Aviation Department | county department | FL local rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 11 | Phoenix Sky Harbor International (PHX)Phoenix, AZ - 25,595,723 CY2024 enplanements | City of Phoenix Aviation Department | city department | city department rule | 180 days | A.R.S. 12-821.01 |
| 12 | Seattle-Tacoma International (SEA)Seattle, WA - 25,414,592 CY2024 enplanements | Port of Seattle | port authority / port district | port authority / port district rule | within the applicable statute of limitations; suit wait 60 days after claim presented | RCW 4.96.020 |
| 13 | San Francisco International (SFO)San Francisco, CA - 25,078,968 CY2024 enplanements | City and County of San Francisco | city/county department | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 14 | Newark Liberty International (EWR)Newark, NJ - 24,544,320 CY2024 enplanements | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey airport system; airport operated under municipal lease/arrangement | bi-state authority | bi-state authority rule | notice of claim at least 60 days before suit; suit within 1 year after accrual | N.Y. Unconsol. Laws § 7107 / PANYNJ consent statute |
| 15 | George Bush Intcntl/Houston (IAH)Houston, TX - 23,349,157 CY2024 enplanements | City of Houston / Houston Airports | city department | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 16 | General Edward Lawrence Logan International (BOS)Boston, MA - 21,090,721 CY2024 enplanements | Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) | port authority | port authority rule | 2 years | Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 4 |
| 17 | Minneapolis-St Paul International/Wold-Chamberlain (MSP)Minneapolis, MN - 18,054,481 CY2024 enplanements | Metropolitan Airports Commission | airport commission | airport commission rule | 180 days | Minn. Stat. § 466.05 |
| 18 | Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood International (FLL)Fort Lauderdale, FL - 17,096,131 CY2024 enplanements | Broward County | county department | FL local rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 19 | Laguardia (LGA)New York, NY - 16,715,567 CY2024 enplanements | Port Authority of New York and New Jersey airport system; airport operated under municipal lease/arrangement | bi-state authority | bi-state authority rule | notice of claim at least 60 days before suit; suit within 1 year after accrual | N.Y. Unconsol. Laws § 7107 / PANYNJ consent statute |
| 21 | Philadelphia International (PHL)Philadelphia, PA - 15,102,261 CY2024 enplanements | City of Philadelphia Department of Aviation | city department | PA local rule | 6 months | 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5522(a) |
| 22 | Salt Lake City International (SLC)Salt Lake City, UT - 13,543,570 CY2024 enplanements | Salt Lake City Department of Airports | city department | UT local rule | 1 year | Utah Code §§ 63G-7-401, 63G-7-402, 63G-7-403 |
| 23 | Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall (BWI)Glen Burnie, MD - 13,221,461 CY2024 enplanements | Maryland Aviation Administration | state agency | MD state rule | 1 year | Md. Code, State Gov't § 12-106 |
| 25 | San Diego International (SAN)San Diego, CA - 12,780,013 CY2024 enplanements | San Diego County Regional Airport Authority | airport authority | airport authority rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 27 | Tampa International (TPA)Tampa, FL - 12,075,591 CY2024 enplanements | Hillsborough County Aviation Authority | airport authority / independent special district | airport authority / independent special district rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 29 | Austin-Bergstrom International (AUS)Austin, TX - 10,678,073 CY2024 enplanements | City of Austin Aviation | city department | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 30 | Daniel K Inouye International (HNL)Honolulu, HI - 10,449,022 CY2024 enplanements | State of Hawaii Department of Transportation | state agency | state agency rule | No mandatory pre-suit notice identified; informal claims generally must be resolved or sued within 2 years | HRS ch. 662; HRS § 662-4; DAGS Risk Management Office guidance |
| 31 | Chicago Midway International (MDW)Chicago, IL - 10,360,093 CY2024 enplanements | City of Chicago Department of Aviation | city department | city department rule | No general pre-suit notice; civil action generally within 1 year | 745 ILCS 10/8-101 |
| 32 | Dallas Love Field (DAL)Dallas, TX - 8,654,991 CY2024 enplanements | City of Dallas Department of Aviation | city department | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 33 | Portland International (PDX)Portland, OR - 8,639,088 CY2024 enplanements | Port of Portland | port authority | port authority rule | 180 days | Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.275 |
| 36 | William P Hobby (HOU)Houston, TX - 7,116,967 CY2024 enplanements | City of Houston / Houston Airports | city department | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 37 | Sacramento International (SMF)Sacramento, CA - 6,679,426 CY2024 enplanements | County of Sacramento Department of Airports | county department | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 38 | Louis Armstrong New Orleans International (MSY)Kenner, LA - 6,537,092 CY2024 enplanements | City of New Orleans / New Orleans Aviation Board | city aviation board | city aviation board rule | No general pre-suit notice requirement identified; request service within 90 days after commencing action | La. Rev. Stat. § 13:5107(B), (D) |
| 41 | Norman Y Mineta San Jose International (SJC)San Jose, CA - 5,822,019 CY2024 enplanements | City of San Jose | city department | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 42 | San Antonio International (SAT)San Antonio, TX - 5,466,684 CY2024 enplanements | City of San Antonio Aviation Department | city department | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 43 | Southwest Florida International (RSW)Fort Myers, FL - 5,425,293 CY2024 enplanements | Lee County Port Authority | dependent special district / port authority | dependent special district / port authority rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 44 | John Wayne/Orange County (SNA)Santa Ana, CA - 5,370,273 CY2024 enplanements | County of Orange | county department | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 45 | Oakland San Francisco Bay (OAK)Oakland, CA - 5,292,736 CY2024 enplanements | Port of Oakland | port authority | port authority rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 46 | Indianapolis International (IND)Indianapolis, IN - 5,181,947 CY2024 enplanements | Indianapolis Airport Authority | airport authority / municipal corporation | airport authority / municipal corporation rule | 180 days | Ind. Code §§ 34-13-3-8, 34-13-3-11, 34-13-3-13 |
| 48 | Pittsburgh International (PIT)Pittsburgh, PA - 4,862,376 CY2024 enplanements | Allegheny County Airport Authority | airport authority | airport authority rule | 6 months | 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5522(a) |
Transit agencies
Large transit agencies, with who runs each one and which notice rule applies. Amtrak is not listed: it is not a federal agency, and we found no government notice-of-claim rule for it.
| Rank | Agency | Owner | Owner type | Rule applies | Notice deadline | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | MTA New York City TransitNew York, NY - 2,902,019 thousand 2024 riders | New York City Transit Authority / MTA | public benefit corporation / authority | public benefit corporation / authority rule | notice of claim within GML 50-e time, generally 90 days; tort suit within 1 year and 90 days | N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law § 1212; N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 50-e |
| 3 | Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation AuthorityLos Angeles, CA - 302,612 thousand 2024 riders | Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority | county transportation authority | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 5 | Massachusetts Bay Transportation AuthorityBoston, MA - 251,725 thousand 2024 riders | Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority | political subdivision / transit authority | MA local rule | 2 years | Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 258, § 4 |
| 6 | New Jersey Transit CorporationNewark/New York, NJ - 222,475 thousand 2024 riders | New Jersey Transit Corporation | state public transportation corporation | NJ state rule | 90 days | N.J. Stat. Ann. § 59:8-8; NJ Treasury Division of Risk Management |
| 7 | Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation AuthorityPhiladelphia, PA - 200,712 thousand 2024 riders | Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority | state-created transit authority | PA local rule | 6 months | 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5522(a) |
| 8 | City and County of San Francisco / SFMTASan Francisco, CA - 160,544 thousand 2024 riders | San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency | city/county department | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 9 | MTA Bus CompanyNew York, NY - 126,617 thousand 2024 riders | Metropolitan Transportation Authority subsidiary / related entity | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary rule | claim/demand at least 30 days before suit; no GML 50-e notice of claim required | N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law § 1276 |
| 10 | MTA Long Island Rail RoadNew York, NY - 97,221 thousand 2024 riders | Metropolitan Transportation Authority subsidiary / related entity | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary rule | claim/demand at least 30 days before suit; no GML 50-e notice of claim required | N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law § 1276 |
| 11 | King County MetroSeattle, WA - 88,639 thousand 2024 riders | King County Metro | county transit department | WA local rule | within applicable limitations period before suit; wait 60 days after presentment | Wash. Rev. Code § 4.96.020 |
| 12 | County of Miami-Dade Transportation and Public WorksMiami, FL - 88,250 thousand 2024 riders | Miami-Dade County Department of Transportation and Public Works | county department | FL local rule | 3 years | Fla. Stat. § 768.28(6) |
| 13 | Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, TexasHouston, TX - 75,859 thousand 2024 riders | Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas | metropolitan transit authority | TX local rule | 6 months | Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 101.101 |
| 14 | San Diego Metropolitan Transit SystemSan Diego, CA - 75,683 thousand 2024 riders | San Diego Metropolitan Transit System | California public agency | CA local rule | 6 months for death, personal injury, or personal property; 1 year for other claims | Cal. Gov. Code §§ 911.2, 915, 945.6 |
| 15 | MTA Metro-North RailroadNew York, NY - 74,396 thousand 2024 riders | Metropolitan Transportation Authority subsidiary / related entity | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary | public benefit corporation / MTA subsidiary rule | claim/demand at least 30 days before suit; no GML 50-e notice of claim required | N.Y. Pub. Auth. Law § 1276 |
Methodology and limits
Notice of claim is not the same as the statute of limitations. A notice rule can be a step before a lawsuit, and the lawsuit deadline can be different.
Exceptions vary. Minors, late-claim petitions, disability tolling, agency-specific forms, and special road-defect rules can change what happens next.
Data is current as of . Each rule was checked against official or primary sources. Rules we could not confirm are not shown.
Send corrections through the corrections page. Download the CSV. People's Justice publishes this compilation under CC BY 4.0; it is free to republish with credit.