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What Are PFAS-Contaminated Biosolids?
Biosolids are the solid material remaining after wastewater treatment — essentially treated sewage sludge that municipalities produce in enormous quantities. For decades, wastewater treatment plants have sold or given away biosolids to farmers as a nutrient-rich agricultural fertilizer. The problem: because PFAS are present in the wastewater stream from household products, industrial discharge, and firefighting foam, wastewater treatment plants that are not equipped to remove PFAS produce biosolids that concentrate PFAS to levels far above those found in the water supply. When these PFAS-laden biosolids are spread on farmland, PFAS leach through the soil and contaminate groundwater and private drinking wells. Farmers who grew food in PFAS-contaminated soil may have had PFAS in their vegetables and livestock in addition to their well water — creating a multiplied exposure pathway.
Where Biosolids PFAS Contamination Has Caused the Most Harm
Maine has emerged as the epicenter of the biosolids PFAS contamination crisis. In 2019 and 2020, Maine testing revealed that farms across the state had received PFAS-contaminated biosolids for years — some private wells on Maine farms showed PFAS levels in the hundreds or thousands of parts per trillion. The Stoneridge Farm case in Fairfield, Maine became the first nationally publicized biosolids PFAS contamination incident. Iowa has multiple confirmed biosolids PFAS contamination sites, including farms in Johnson County where families sued over PFAS contamination of their private wells in 2024. Michigan has documented biosolids PFAS contamination in the western part of the state. Texas saw a significant biosolids PFAS lawsuit in 2024 involving Johnson County farm families. Because private wells are not subject to the same testing requirements as public water systems, many rural biosolids contamination sites remain undiscovered.
Who Can File Biosolids PFAS Claims
Biosolids PFAS contamination claims may be available to: farm families who consumed private well water contaminated by PFAS-laden biosolids applied to their or neighboring farmland; farmworkers with significant soil and dust exposure on farms with PFAS-contaminated biosolids history; rural homeowners near farms where PFAS biosolids were applied; and dairy farmers and livestock producers whose animals consumed PFAS-contaminated water and grass. The legal theories in biosolids PFAS cases target the same PFAS manufacturers (3M, DuPont/Chemours) for creating PFAS that entered the waste stream, as well as wastewater utilities and biosolids distributors who spread known or unknowing contaminated material. Qualifying diagnoses are the same as in other PFAS exposure pathways: kidney cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid disease, ulcerative colitis, and other PFAS-linked conditions.
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Related Guides
- AFFF Firefighter PFAS Exposure LawsuitFirefighters — both military and civilian — who worked with AFFF aqueous film-forming foam face the highest documented PFAS body burdens of any occupational group. AFFF contains PFOS and PFOA at concentrations orders of magnitude higher than contaminated drinking water. Firefighters with kidney cancer, testicular cancer, or thyroid disease following AFFF exposure have strong individual claims in MDL 2873.
- GenX Chemicals Chemours Lawsuit — Cape Fear RiverChemours Company — a DuPont spinoff — has discharged GenX chemicals (HFPO-DA) from its Fayetteville Works facility in Bladen County, North Carolina into the Cape Fear River since 2006. Wilmington-area residents who drank Cape Fear River water have been exposed to GenX and other PFAS at concentrations far above EPA health advisory levels. This is among the largest active industrial PFAS contamination zones in the eastern United States, and it is significantly underserved by legal content.
- PFAS Kidney Cancer LawsuitKidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) is the MDL 2873 Tier 1 bellwether injury — the PFAS-linked condition with the strongest and most consistent epidemiological association. The IARC classified PFOA as a Group 1 known human carcinogen for kidney cancer in 2023. Individuals who developed kidney cancer after sustained PFAS exposure through drinking water have among the strongest claims in PFAS litigation.
- Military Base PFAS Contamination LawsuitMore than 700 U.S. military installations have confirmed PFAS contamination from decades of AFFF firefighting foam use. Veterans, active-duty service members, military families, and civilian base employees who lived or worked on contaminated installations and developed kidney cancer, testicular cancer, or thyroid disease may have substantial legal claims. The DoD has confirmed contamination at bases in all 50 states.
- Military Bases with PFAS Contamination — Complete ListThe Department of Defense has confirmed PFAS contamination at more than 700 U.S. military installations as of 2026. This page provides a state-by-state summary of confirmed contaminated bases and the communities affected. If you lived or served at a contaminated installation and developed a qualifying health condition, contact a PFAS attorney to evaluate your claim.
- PFAS Settlement Amounts Per PersonThe $12.5 billion 3M settlement and $1.185 billion DuPont/Chemours/Corteva settlement compensate water utilities — not individuals. Individual PFAS personal injury settlement amounts depend on injury category, exposure documentation, and MDL 2873 bellwether trial outcomes. Kidney and testicular cancer claims are expected to produce the highest individual recoveries, estimated at $300,000 to $600,000 or more.
- PFAS Lawsuit Statute of Limitations by StateThe statute of limitations for PFAS personal injury claims is typically 2 to 3 years from diagnosis or from when you discovered the PFAS-illness connection. Because military and industrial PFAS contamination was not publicly disclosed until 2016–2020 in most communities, courts have been receptive to delayed discovery arguments. Act now — deadlines are real, and missing them permanently bars your claim.
- PFAS Testicular Cancer LawsuitTesticular cancer is an MDL 2873 Tier 1 injury category with one of the strongest epidemiological links to PFAS — particularly PFOS exposure. The cancer predominantly affects younger men (age 15–35), meaning veterans and firefighters who developed testicular cancer after PFAS exposure at military installations often carry decades of lost earnings and quality-of-life damages. Claims in MDL 2873 are active and advancing toward bellwether trials in 2026.
- PFAS Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Cancer LawsuitPFAS disrupt thyroid hormone signaling by mimicking and competing with thyroid hormones at receptor and transport protein binding sites. Women are disproportionately affected. Diagnosed thyroid disease requiring medication (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and thyroid cancer are recognized injury categories in MDL 2873. A 2018 Mount Sinai study found significantly elevated thyroid cancer risk with higher serum PFAS concentrations.
- PFAS Ulcerative Colitis LawsuitUlcerative colitis — a chronic inflammatory bowel disease — was one of the six conditions designated by the C8 Science Panel as having a probable link to PFOA exposure in the Mid-Ohio Valley study. This is a non-cancer qualifying condition recognized in MDL 2873 personal injury proceedings. Claimants with PFAS exposure and a confirmed ulcerative colitis diagnosis may have viable claims even without a cancer diagnosis.
- PFAS Drinking Water Contamination LawsuitPFAS-contaminated municipal water systems and private wells have exposed millions of Americans to dangerous concentrations of forever chemicals. Residents who drank contaminated tap water for years and developed kidney cancer, testicular cancer, or thyroid disease have individual claims in MDL 2873. You do not need to have lived near a military base — industrial and agricultural PFAS sources have contaminated water supplies across the country.
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