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How PFAS Contaminated America's Drinking Water
PFAS contamination of drinking water has occurred through multiple pathways that have left virtually no region of the United States untouched. Military AFFF use has contaminated groundwater near more than 700 military installations. Industrial PFAS manufacturing and discharge — particularly DuPont's PFOA contamination of the Ohio River valley and 3M's PFAS discharge in Minnesota — have affected municipal water supplies serving hundreds of thousands of people. Electroplating facilities, semiconductor manufacturing, and textile mills have discharged PFAS into waterways and groundwater. PFAS-containing biosolids (sewage sludge used as agricultural fertilizer) have leached PFAS into private wells across farming regions. A 2023 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that approximately 45% of U.S. tap water contains detectable PFAS — making drinking water the primary route of human PFAS exposure for most Americans.
EPA's 4 Parts Per Trillion Standard — What It Means for Your Claim
In April 2024, the EPA finalized the first-ever national drinking water maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for PFAS, setting limits of 4 parts per trillion (ppt) for PFOA and PFOS individually — the lowest technically measurable level. For context, a previous health advisory of 70 ppt had guided regulators since 2016. Many contaminated water systems in the United States measured PFAS at hundreds or thousands of ppt above even the old 70 ppt advisory. Residents who drank water at concentrations far above the current 4 ppt limit — which describes essentially all contaminated communities near military bases and industrial sites — have the strongest exposure arguments. Your attorney can obtain historical water testing data from your water utility to document the PFAS concentrations you were exposed to over the years.
Private Well Owners — Your Rights and Your Claims
Homeowners and renters who relied on private wells near contaminated military bases, industrial facilities, or agricultural areas where PFAS-containing biosolids were applied face PFAS exposure claims that are legally distinct from municipal water system claims but equally valid as personal injury cases. Private well owners were often the last to be informed of PFAS contamination — they lacked the formal testing requirements that apply to public water utilities — and may have consumed contaminated water for years or decades before being notified. This delayed discovery is legally significant and supports statute of limitations arguments for claimants with older diagnoses.
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Related Guides
- AFFF Firefighter PFAS Exposure LawsuitFirefighters — both military and civilian — who worked with AFFF aqueous film-forming foam face the highest documented PFAS body burdens of any occupational group. AFFF contains PFOS and PFOA at concentrations orders of magnitude higher than contaminated drinking water. Firefighters with kidney cancer, testicular cancer, or thyroid disease following AFFF exposure have strong individual claims in MDL 2873.
- PFAS Biosolids Farm Contamination LawsuitPFAS-contaminated biosolids (sewage sludge) spread as agricultural fertilizer have contaminated private wells and farmland across the United States — a largely invisible exposure pathway that is only now reaching litigation. Affected farmers, rural homeowners, and farmworkers in Maine, Iowa, Michigan, and Texas have active claims. This is one of the least-covered and fastest-growing fronts in PFAS litigation.
- GenX Chemicals Chemours Lawsuit — Cape Fear RiverChemours Company — a DuPont spinoff — has discharged GenX chemicals (HFPO-DA) from its Fayetteville Works facility in Bladen County, North Carolina into the Cape Fear River since 2006. Wilmington-area residents who drank Cape Fear River water have been exposed to GenX and other PFAS at concentrations far above EPA health advisory levels. This is among the largest active industrial PFAS contamination zones in the eastern United States, and it is significantly underserved by legal content.
- PFAS Kidney Cancer LawsuitKidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) is the MDL 2873 Tier 1 bellwether injury — the PFAS-linked condition with the strongest and most consistent epidemiological association. The IARC classified PFOA as a Group 1 known human carcinogen for kidney cancer in 2023. Individuals who developed kidney cancer after sustained PFAS exposure through drinking water have among the strongest claims in PFAS litigation.
- Military Base PFAS Contamination LawsuitMore than 700 U.S. military installations have confirmed PFAS contamination from decades of AFFF firefighting foam use. Veterans, active-duty service members, military families, and civilian base employees who lived or worked on contaminated installations and developed kidney cancer, testicular cancer, or thyroid disease may have substantial legal claims. The DoD has confirmed contamination at bases in all 50 states.
- Military Bases with PFAS Contamination — Complete ListThe Department of Defense has confirmed PFAS contamination at more than 700 U.S. military installations as of 2026. This page provides a state-by-state summary of confirmed contaminated bases and the communities affected. If you lived or served at a contaminated installation and developed a qualifying health condition, contact a PFAS attorney to evaluate your claim.
- PFAS Settlement Amounts Per PersonThe $12.5 billion 3M settlement and $1.185 billion DuPont/Chemours/Corteva settlement compensate water utilities — not individuals. Individual PFAS personal injury settlement amounts depend on injury category, exposure documentation, and MDL 2873 bellwether trial outcomes. Kidney and testicular cancer claims are expected to produce the highest individual recoveries, estimated at $300,000 to $600,000 or more.
- PFAS Lawsuit Statute of Limitations by StateThe statute of limitations for PFAS personal injury claims is typically 2 to 3 years from diagnosis or from when you discovered the PFAS-illness connection. Because military and industrial PFAS contamination was not publicly disclosed until 2016–2020 in most communities, courts have been receptive to delayed discovery arguments. Act now — deadlines are real, and missing them permanently bars your claim.
- PFAS Testicular Cancer LawsuitTesticular cancer is an MDL 2873 Tier 1 injury category with one of the strongest epidemiological links to PFAS — particularly PFOS exposure. The cancer predominantly affects younger men (age 15–35), meaning veterans and firefighters who developed testicular cancer after PFAS exposure at military installations often carry decades of lost earnings and quality-of-life damages. Claims in MDL 2873 are active and advancing toward bellwether trials in 2026.
- PFAS Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Cancer LawsuitPFAS disrupt thyroid hormone signaling by mimicking and competing with thyroid hormones at receptor and transport protein binding sites. Women are disproportionately affected. Diagnosed thyroid disease requiring medication (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and thyroid cancer are recognized injury categories in MDL 2873. A 2018 Mount Sinai study found significantly elevated thyroid cancer risk with higher serum PFAS concentrations.
- PFAS Ulcerative Colitis LawsuitUlcerative colitis — a chronic inflammatory bowel disease — was one of the six conditions designated by the C8 Science Panel as having a probable link to PFOA exposure in the Mid-Ohio Valley study. This is a non-cancer qualifying condition recognized in MDL 2873 personal injury proceedings. Claimants with PFAS exposure and a confirmed ulcerative colitis diagnosis may have viable claims even without a cancer diagnosis.
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